Compared with the supposed freedom of the studio, in which is expressed the individual nature of the artist, the academy, from the beginning of modernity, became a byword for the staleness of artistic rules that had become as outmoded as they were hypocritical. The modern artist responded to the abstract affectation of the academy with his subjective sincerity and made this confrontation one of his principles, Nevertheless, academic training was still the basis of the modern artist’s apprenticeship and the nude, drawn from life or copied from a new medium like photography, the basic exercise of that apprenticeship.