After the mid-19th century, society no longer identified art with the universal rules and collective values of the academic institution, but with that secret place that is the artist’s studio. Filled with hand-made objects, carpets, tapestries and works of art in careful disorder, like the ideal museum, or lit up by little coloured lights and dotted with the remains of an endless feast, like a pure continuation of bohemian life, the studio, as a private place, represents the most radical expression of the subjective individuality defended by the modern artist. The studio, then, has a ‘character’ that is identical to that of the work produced there.